We performed spoligotyping and 12-mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTRs) typing to characterise Mycobacterium bovis isolates collected from tissue samples of bovines with lesions suggestive for tuberculosis during slaughter inspection procedures in abattoirs in Brazil. High-quality genotypes were obtained with both procedures for 61 isolates that were obtained from 185 bovine tissue samples and all of these isolates were identified as M. bovis by conventional identification procedures. On the basis of the spoligotyping, 53 isolates were grouped into nine clusters and the remaining eight isolates were unique types, resulting in 17 spoligotypes. The majority of the Brazilian M. bovis isolates displayed spoligotype patterns that have been previously observed in strains isolated from cattle in other countries. MIRU-VNTR typing produced 16 distinct genotypes, with 53 isolates forming eight of the groups, and individual isolates with unique VNTR profiles forming the remaining eight groups. The allelic diversity of each VNTR locus was calculated and only two of the 12-MIRU-VNTR loci presented scores with either a moderate (0.4, MIRU16) or high (0.6, MIRU26) discriminatory index (h). Both typing methods produced similar discriminatory indexes (spoligotyping h = 0.85; MIRU-VNTR h = 0.86) and the combination of the two methods increased the h value to 0.94, resulting in 29 distinct patterns. These results confirm that spoligotyping and VNTR analysis are valuable tools for studying the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis infections in Brazil.

A distribuição desigual das doenças crônico-degenerativas tem sido atribuída aos diferentes graus de transformação social em diversas populações. Estudos internacionais em populações indígenas submetidas a mudanças em seus estilos de vida têm mostrado prevalências elevadas de hipertensão arterial e de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Foi feito um estudo de prevalência desses fatores de risco na população adulta das aldeias indígenas Sapukai, Paraty-Mirim e Araponga no Rio de Janeiro. Após recenseamento, a população teve os dados coletados através de entrevista e de avaliações clínicas e bioquímicas. O universo estudado foi de 80 homens e 71 mulheres. As prevalências em toda a amostra foram respectivamente para: hipertensão arterial (4,8%, 2,6% e 7,4%); sobrepeso (26,7%, 19,5% e 34,8%) e obesidade (4,8%, 3,9% e 5,8%); alterações lipídicas do colesterol total (2,8%, 2,7% e 2,9%) e dos triglicerídios (12,6%, 9,5% e 15,9%). Todas as prevalências foram superiores no sexo feminino e maiores nas idades mais avançadas. Os resultados sugerem que a população avaliada encontra-se sob risco intermediário para as doenças crônicas, mostrando que devem ser empreendidos esforços para controlar os fatores de risco.

Social change has been involved in the unequal distribution patterns of chronic diseases in several populations. Among Indian communities experiencing life pattern changes, international studies have reported increased prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors. Such increased prevalence was ascertained in a survey conducted in 1999 in selected Guaraní-Mbyá communities (Sapukai, Paraty-Mirim, and Araponga) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A population census was carried out and interviews and clinical and biochemical evaluations were conducted with 80 men and 71 women. Observed prevalence of selected risk factors in the overall sample, including men and women, was as follows for the three communities: hypertension (4.8%, 2.6%, 7.4%); overweight (26.7%, 19.5%, 34.8%); total cholesterol levels (2.8%, 2.7%, 2.9%), and increased triglyceride levels (12.6%, 9.5%, 15.9%). All prevalence rates were higher among women and at older ages. The results suggest that the Guaraní communities have a moderate risk of chronic diseases and that measures to reduce these risk factors should be adopted.

A distribuição desigual das doenças crônico-degenerativas tem sido atribuída aos diferentes graus de transformação social em diversas populações. Estudos internacionais em populações indígenas submetidas a mudanças em seus estilos de vida têm mostrado prevalências elevadas de hipertensão arterial e de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Foi feito um estudo de prevalência desses fatores de risco na população adulta das aldeias indígenas Sapukai, Paraty-Mirim e Araponga no Rio de Janeiro. Após recenseamento, a população teve os dados coletados através de entrevista e de avaliações clínicas e bioquímicas. O universo estudado foi de 80 homens e 71 mulheres. As prevalências em toda a amostra foram respectivamente para: hipertensão arterial (4,8%, 2,6% e 7,4%); sobrepeso (26,7%, 19,5% e 34,8%) e obesidade (4,8%, 3,9% e 5,8%); alterações lipídicas do colesterol total (2,8%, 2,7% e 2,9%) e dos triglicerídios (12,6%, 9,5% e 15,9%). Todas as prevalências foram superiores no sexo feminino e maiores nas idades mais avançadas. Os resultados sugerem que a população avaliada encontra-se sob risco intermediário para as doenças crônicas, mostrando que devem ser empreendidos esforços para controlar os fatores de risco.

Social change has been involved in the unequal distribution patterns of chronic diseases in several populations. Among Indian communities experiencing life pattern changes, international studies have reported increased prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors. Such increased prevalence was ascertained in a survey conducted in 1999 in selected Guaraní-Mbyá communities (Sapukai, Paraty-Mirim, and Araponga) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A population census was carried out and interviews and clinical and biochemical evaluations were conducted with 80 men and 71 women. Observed prevalence of selected risk factors in the overall sample, including men and women, was as follows for the three communities: hypertension (4.8%, 2.6%, 7.4%); overweight (26.7%, 19.5%, 34.8%); total cholesterol levels (2.8%, 2.7%, 2.9%), and increased triglyceride levels (12.6%, 9.5%, 15.9%). All prevalence rates were higher among women and at older ages. The results suggest that the Guaraní communities have a moderate risk of chronic diseases and that measures to reduce these risk factors should be adopted.